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PAS 1
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"The Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a primary pest of stored grains in many regions of the world. In this work, we evaluated the fumigant activity of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Citrus aurantium L., Mentha spicata L. and Croton pulegiodorus Baill on adult R. dominica in stored maize. Tests were conducted to determine lethals concentrations (CL50 and CL100) and mortality (fumigation).The fumigation test was done in containers made of glass containing 10 individuals of R. dominica, where essential oils were applied at different concentrations: O. basilicum and M. spicata (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40µL/L of air), C. aurantium (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60µL/L of air) and C. pulegiodorus (0, 20, 30, 50, 70 and 90µL/L of air). After 48 hours of exposure to the oils, the percentage of insect mortality was evaluated. According to LC50 and LC100, the toxicity of essential oils decreased in the following order: O. basilicum> M. spicata> C. pulegiodorus> C. aurantium. The essential oil of O. basilicum exhibited strong fumigant toxicity against R. dominica adults, with a LC50 value of 17.67 µL/L air and LC100 value of 27.15 µL/ L air. The C. aurantium essential oil required higher concentrations than O. basilicum, M. spicata and C. pulegiodorus to kill insects. However, all oils evaluated presented fumigating property to promote the control of R. dominica and demonstrated potential use in the management of this coleoptera." [VALDEANY NÚBIA DE SOUZA2, FUMIGATION TOXICITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) IN STORED MAIZE GRAIN, Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 29, n. 2, p. 435 – 440, abr. – jun., 2016 ] https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rcaat/v29n2/1983-2125-rcaat-29-02-00435.pdf
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PAS 2
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"Stored product pests such as Sitophilus oryzae are a major concern. Alternative and safe control methods for such pests are needed. Therefore, powder and essential oil of Mentha viridis plant were tested under laboratory conditions for their ability to protect wheat grains against the insect S. oryzae . The insect was reared and tested on whole wheat grains. The emergence and adult mortality of the insect S. oryzae were tested. The efficacy of these plant products was evaluated and compared with malathion. The standard compound for controlling S. oryzae has been malathion. The effect of botanical products and malathion on the germination of wheat grains was also evaluated. The chemical components of spearmint oil were also identified using GC-MS analysis. The results showed that, the oil and powder of M. viridis were effective against S. oryzae with the respect to adults mortality. Also, the oil and powdered products of M. viridis significantly reduced the emergence of S. oryzae compared to the control treatment. Spearmint oil and powder do not significantly affect wheat grains germination relative to the control treatment. The efficacy of spearmint against the tested insect was due to the presence of a mixture of bioactive compounds. The results suggested that, spearmint oil and powder are promising as alternatives to chemical control used against S. oryzae in wheat grains. Also, these spearmint products submit a solution of resistance development by insect due to the presence of a lot of bioactive components rather than the single insecticide." [Derbalah A S, Ahmed S I. Oil and powder of spearmint as an alternative to Sitophilus oryzae chemical control of wheat grains. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 2011;51(2):145-150. doi:10.2478/v10045-011-0025-9.] http://www.plantprotection.pl/Oil-and-powder-of-spearmint-as-an-alternative-to-Sitophilus-oryzae-chemical-control,91577,0,2.html#ungrouped
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