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PAS 2
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“Results clearly indicated that maximum cross-sectional area of tree, canopy volume, nut number, nut yield/tree, nut weight, nut size, kernel weight, kernel size, shell thickness and shell weight were recorded in lower plant density but have negative correlation.” http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijh&volume=69&issue=3&article=006
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Other Community Practices
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"Insecticides from Neem - Derivatives of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) have traditionally been used by farmers in Asia and Africa to ward off insect pests of household, agricultural, and medical importance. Unlike ordinary insecticides based on single active ingredients, neem derivatives comprise a complex array of novel compounds which have diverse behavioral and physiological effects on insects. Repellency, feeding and oviposition deterrence, growth and reproduction inhibition, and other effects have been attributed to neem compounds - azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol, etc. that occur mainly in the seed. However, the complexity of chemical structure of these compounds precludes their synthesis on a practical scale. Therefore, the use of simple formulations of neem derivatives such as leaf or kernel powder or extracts needs to be popularized. Their being safe to nontarget organisms, including humans, make them ideal insecticides. Several azadirachtinrich formulations have already been commercialized for use on nonfood and food crops. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1989-0387.ch009 Antifungal properties of leaf extract of neem and tobacco on three fungal pathogens of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). - Laboratory studies were carried out to isolate, identify and control the fungi associated with fruit rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Aspergillus viridae, Penicillium digitatum and Rhizopus sp were isolated from samples collected from Lokoja, Kabba, Okene, Anyigba and Ankpa, all in Kogi State, Nigeria. Plant extracts employed to control the vegetative mycelial growth were from neem (Azadirachta indica) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% concentrations. In vitro application of extracts for the control showed that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) had fungitoxic effect that controlled the mycelia growth; there was complete inhibition (0.00±0.00) at 60% on Aspergillus viridae and Penicillium digitatum. Tobacco extract on Rhizopus showed progressive retardations on the vegetative growth. Vegetative growth of the fungi on neem extract decreased with increase in concentrations; with its effect (extract) being felt more on Penicillium digitatum at 60% concentration (0.41±0.55) when compare with the control. The inhibitory action of the two extracts on mycelial growth increased with increase in concentrations; giving toxicity profile of 60%>50% in that order, and were significant at 0.05%." https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20133073431
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